Osteopathic physicians have a unique opportunity to affect the US epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Osteopathic physicians make up a disproportionately high number of primary care physicians who are on the front lines of managing T2DM. In addition, the unique training of osteopathic physicians allows them to direct additional diagnostic and treatment modalities toward the musculoskeletal complications of diabetes. The present review surveys the literature that explores the effects of osteopathic structural diagnosis of and osteopathic manipulative treatment for T2DM, as well as the management and prevention of complications. The authors reviewed the databases for PubMed, Google Scholar, and The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. Although the available literature is limited, the authors identify areas in which osteopathic-focused research has shown benefits and in which future research should be directed.